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SQL Server 和 MongoDB 中引用操作的特殊规则

如果您正在使用引用操作,则某些数据库有特定的要求需要考虑。

  • 如果关系链导致循环或多个级联路径,Microsoft SQL Server 不允许对外键进行级联引用操作。如果外键上的引用操作设置为 NO ACTION 之外的值(如果 Prisma ORM 管理引用完整性,则为 NoAction),服务器将在执行 SQL 时检查循环或多个级联路径并返回错误。

  • 对于 MongoDB,在 Prisma ORM 中使用引用操作要求:对于任何包含自引用关系或三个模型之间存在循环的数据模型,您必须将引用操作设置为 NoAction,以防止引用操作模拟无限循环。请注意,默认情况下,MongoDB 使用 relationMode = "prisma" 模式,这意味着 Prisma ORM 管理引用完整性

给定 SQL

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Employee] (
[id] INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
[managerId] INT,
CONSTRAINT [PK__Employee__id] PRIMARY KEY ([id])
);

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Employee]
ADD CONSTRAINT [FK__Employee__managerId]
FOREIGN KEY ([managerId]) REFERENCES [dbo].[Employee]([id])
ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

当 SQL 运行时,数据库将抛出以下错误

Introducing FOREIGN KEY constraint 'FK__Employee__managerId' on table 'Employee' may cause cycles or multiple cascade paths. Specify ON DELETE NO ACTION or ON UPDATE NO ACTION, or modify other FOREIGN KEY constraints.

在更复杂的数据模型中,查找级联路径可能会变得复杂。因此,在 Prisma ORM 中,数据模型会在生成任何用于迁移的 SQL 之前进行验证,并突出显示作为路径一部分的关系。这使得查找和打破这些操作链变得容易得多。

自引用关系(SQL Server 和 MongoDB)

以下模型描述了一个自引用关系,其中 Employee 可以拥有经理和被管理人员,引用同一模型中的条目。

model Employee {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
manager Employee? @relation(name: "management", fields: [managerId], references: [id])
managees Employee[] @relation(name: "management")
managerId Int?
}

这将导致以下错误

Error parsing attribute "@relation": A self-relation must have `onDelete` and `onUpdate` referential actions set to `NoAction` in one of the @relation attributes. (Implicit default `onDelete`: `SetNull`, and `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

如果不定义任何操作,Prisma ORM 将根据底层标量字段是可选还是必填来使用以下默认值。

条款所有标量字段都是可选的至少一个标量字段是必填的
onDeleteSetNullNoAction
onUpdateCascadeCascade

由于上述关系中 onUpdate 的默认引用操作是 Cascade,而 onDelete 的默认引用操作是 SetNull,这会创建一个循环,解决方案是明确将 onUpdateonDelete 的值设置为 NoAction

model Employee {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
manager Employee @relation(name: "management", fields: [managerId], references: [id])
manager Employee @relation(name: "management", fields: [managerId], references: [id], onDelete: NoAction, onUpdate: NoAction)
managees Employee[] @relation(name: "management")
managerId Int
}

三个表之间的循环关系(SQL Server 和 MongoDB)

以下模型描述了 ChickenEggFox 之间的循环关系,其中每个模型都引用另一个模型。

model Chicken {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
egg Egg @relation(fields: [eggId], references: [id])
eggId Int
predators Fox[]
}

model Egg {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
predator Fox @relation(fields: [predatorId], references: [id])
predatorId Int
parents Chicken[]
}

model Fox {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
meal Chicken @relation(fields: [mealId], references: [id])
mealId Int
foodStore Egg[]
}

这将在构成循环的每个关系字段中导致三个验证错误。

第一个错误在 Chicken 模型中 egg 关系字段中

Error parsing attribute "@relation": Reference causes a cycle. One of the @relation attributes in this cycle must have `onDelete` and `onUpdate` referential actions set to `NoAction`. Cycle path: Chicken.egg → Egg.predator → Fox.meal. (Implicit default `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

第二个错误在 Egg 模型中 predator 关系字段中

Error parsing attribute "@relation": Reference causes a cycle. One of the @relation attributes in this cycle must have `onDelete` and `onUpdate` referential actions set to `NoAction`. Cycle path: Egg.predator → Fox.meal → Chicken.egg. (Implicit default `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

第三个错误在 Fox 模型中 meal 关系字段中

Error parsing attribute "@relation": Reference causes a cycle. One of the @relation attributes in this cycle must have `onDelete` and `onUpdate` referential actions set to `NoAction`. Cycle path: Fox.meal → Chicken.egg → Egg.predator. (Implicit default `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

由于关系字段是必填的,onDelete 的默认引用操作是 NoAction,但 onUpdate 的默认引用操作是 Cascade,这导致了一个引用操作循环。解决方案是将任意一个关系中的 onUpdate 值设置为 NoAction

model Chicken {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
egg Egg @relation(fields: [eggId], references: [id])
egg Egg @relation(fields: [eggId], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
eggId Int
predators Fox[]
}

model Egg {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
predator Fox @relation(fields: [predatorId], references: [id])
predator Fox @relation(fields: [predatorId], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
predatorId Int
parents Chicken[]
}

model Fox {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
meal Chicken @relation(fields: [mealId], references: [id])
meal Chicken @relation(fields: [mealId], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
mealId Int
foodStore Egg[]
}

两个模型之间的多重级联路径(仅限 SQL Server)

此数据模型描述了相同模型之间的两条不同路径,并且这两个关系都会触发级联引用操作。

model User {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
comments Comment[]
posts Post[]
}

model Post {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
authorId Int
author User @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
comments Comment[]
}

model Comment {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
writtenById Int
postId Int
writtenBy User @relation(fields: [writtenById], references: [id])
post Post @relation(fields: [postId], references: [id])
}

此数据模型的问题在于,存在从 CommentUser 的两条路径,并且这两个关系中的默认 onUpdate 操作都是 Cascade。这会导致两个验证错误

第一个错误在 writtenBy 关系中

Error parsing attribute "@relation": When any of the records in model `User` is updated or deleted, the referential actions on the relations cascade to model `Comment` through multiple paths. Please break one of these paths by setting the `onUpdate` and `onDelete` to `NoAction`. (Implicit default `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

第二个错误在 post 关系中

Error parsing attribute "@relation": When any of the records in model `User` is updated or deleted, the referential actions on the relations cascade to model `Comment` through multiple paths. Please break one of these paths by setting the `onUpdate` and `onDelete` to `NoAction`. (Implicit default `onUpdate`: `Cascade`)

此错误意味着,通过更新 User 模型中记录的主键,更新将通过 writtenBy 关系在 CommentUser 之间级联一次,然后由于 PostComment 模型相关,再通过 post 关系从 Post 模型级联一次。

修复方法是将 writtenBypost 关系字段中的 onUpdate 引用操作设置为 NoAction,或者通过更改 Post 模型中 author 关系的操作来修复。

model Comment {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
writtenById Int
postId Int
writtenBy User @relation(fields: [writtenById], references: [id])
writtenBy User @relation(fields: [writtenById], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
post Post @relation(fields: [postId], references: [id])
}

model Comment {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
writtenById Int
postId Int
writtenBy User @relation(fields: [writtenById], references: [id])
post Post @relation(fields: [postId], references: [id])
post Post @relation(fields: [postId], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
}

model Post {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
authorId Int
author User @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
author User @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id], onUpdate: NoAction)
comments Comment[]
}
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